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As a result of such anterior chondroto- mies allergy medicine losing effectiveness order genuine benadryl on-line, the weakened cartilage tends to bend spontaneously allergy medicine runny nose purchase 25 mg benadryl visa, thus recreating the anthelix fold allergy symptoms gluten intolerance buy benadryl discount. Similarly to the previously described techniques, even in this procedure the skin is approximated by a few 4-0 nylon sutures, applied either as a continuous intradermal suture or as an overcasting suture. The Chongchet tech- nique provides a natural curve for the anthelix but exposes to the risk of recurrences at the level of the upper one third of the ear. The muscle is then isolated; special atten- tion should be paid at its insertion to the conchal ponticulus. A lozenge-shaped partial resection of the concha is carried out, inclusive of the quadrangular segment to which the muscle is inserted. A chondromuscular flap is then prepared which is moved forward and sutured laterally with 4-0 nylon sutures in order to create the cephalo-auricular angle. At this stage the correction of any possible deviation of the main axis can be carried out by repositioning the muscle in a more caudal or cranial location, so that the entire ear is rotated in a sagittal plane. Then the ear cartilage; the strip of rectangular cartilage adherent to the line along which the anthelix shall be created is obtained by anterior perichondrium is isolated by undermining the lateral pressing the ear pavilion against the skull. Such a procedure mobilizes The patient lies down with the head turned towards one the cartilage flaps, that are then sutured in order to recreate side. The hair, surrounding the ear pavilion is held in place by transparent sterile strips of adhesive tape, that 6. A wisp the Chongchet Technique of cotton wool is inserted into the external meatus so that no disinfectant shall penetrate the tympanic chamber; then Granted that no technique exists which is suitable for all loop disinfection of the operative field is carried out. The authors describe in helix and the hairline, at the level of the anterior auricular detail the technique that they perform and from which they muscle, in order to block auriculo-temporal nerve pathways; obtain the most satisfactory and long-lasting results. Such a the anesthetic infiltration continues along the cutaneous area Otoplasty 833 incised in its full thickness along the broken line, so that a cartilage flap is obtained. The cartilage is then dissected from the tissues of the anterior aspect of the ear pavilion and weakened by means of partially thick parallel incisions made along the greater axis of the anthelix. In addition, the carti- lage is incised in a perpendicular fashion at both its upper and its lower one third, in order to obtain a smoother curva- ture of the cartilage itself. The stability of this cartilaginous flap is achieved by 2 or 3 plain 4-0 white Vicryl stitches, whose ties must be located inside the area of rounding (in such a way the tie is prevented from producing a granuloma). To avoid a secondary “telephone ear” the anterior dissection is continued also in the area located close to the helix in the upper one third of the ear. A scoring of this area is carried out in order to weaken it and to force it in reproducing the move- ments of the previous rounding maneuver. In addition to restoring the anthelix, when it is necessary to reduce the prominence of the concha, the authors proceed with the resection of a full thickness semilunar portion of the cartilage from the central part of the concha through the exposure already gathered for the posterior aspect of the ant- helix. When the conchal angle is not excessively prominent, the authors proceed with the partial resection of the retro- Fig. The skin is approximated with middle of the retro-auricular groove, in order to block nerve four 4-0 nylon mattress sutures, whereas its lower portion is conduction in the great auricular nerve. Then the ear is covered with sterile involves the concha, just outside the external meatus where a cotton wool and with superimposed gauze. The authors prefer to inject also 1 ml of anesthetic solution along the skin area that shall be removed posteriorly, at the level of the anthelix and at the anterior aspect of the ear 7 Miscellaneous Defects pavilion, always at the level of the anthelix. Such defects present with different pat- broken line is evidenced on the posterior auricular skin and terns that vary from an absence of the upper one third of the inside the cartilage, where the line ends.

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The reported average “gain” in tissue varies with physician allergy forecast louisville ky effective benadryl 25 mg, the likelihood of complications is far less than with the anatomic location (Fig allergy testing washington dc buy benadryl no prescription. Blanchard G allergy treatment home remedy generic benadryl 25 mg on-line, Blanchard B (1976) La réduction tonsurale (déton- 7 Advantages suration); concept nouveau dans le traite-ment chirurgical de la cal- vitie. Rev Chir Esthet Long Fr 4:5–10 • Increase in the available hair-bearing surface 3. Blanchard G, Blanchard B (1984) Proposition d’une approche topographique de la transplantation capillaire et de la réduction ton- • Conservation of a homogeneous and slightly reduced hair surale. Marzola M (1988) Combination of lateral scalp reductions and pre- • Often prolonged time off work or “social isolation” auricular flaps: hair replacement without punch grafts. In: Unger W, • Possible complications (up to 20 %) that may sometimes Nordstrom R (eds) Hair transplantation, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, require emergency surgical operations: New York, pp 691–705 – Hematoma 12. Frechet P (1985) How to avoid the principal complication of scalp – Wound dehiscence, skin necrosis reduction in the management of extensive alopecia. J Dermatol – Expander exposure Surg Oncol 11:637–640 – Alopecia by excessive tension 14. Clin Plast Surg symposium, Lucerne, 4 Feb 1978 14:563–573 Skin Extenders Ciro De Sio and Marco Toscani 1 Introduction its initial size, thus reducing the distance at rest between the two series of hooks. This feature has allowed reduction in the size of The concept of skin extension was introduced by Patrick the instrument, making it easier for the surgeon to position it, Frechet [2] in the early 1990s and was created as an evolution and greater effectiveness enabling it to remain in place for up to of skin expansion [9–11], with the intent to maintain its 2 months, thus reducing the number of surgical “steps. In the case of exten- for these reasons, are not always accepted by patients who sive baldness, it can be complementary to autografting. In World Congress of the International Society of Hair this way the unaesthetic residual median scar can be hidden, Restoration Surgery in 1993. Other prototypes positioned outside the scalp have been introduced, which although they have the advantage of 2 How the Extender Works adjustable force of traction not have the typical characteris- tics of Frechet’s extensor, which is practically invisible and The extender is a tool consisting of a silicone foil, with a does not come into contact with the external scalp, thus titanium strip on each end; each strip has a series of small reducing the risk of infection. Because of its elastic- tioned in relation to the expander, external extenders have ity, the silicone, once extended, tends to return to its initial not garnered many supporters. If one of the two ends of the strip is hooked to the extremity of a hair-bearing area, this area can be stretched and its size increased so that it covers the bald areas. Over the years there has been a continuous evolution in the quest to enhance the performance of this device, the latest genera- tion presenting numerous advantages over the original. Owing to modern technology it has been possible to design a silicone elastomer that can extend itself up to 200 % beyond C. Toscani 3 Surgical Technique • Stabilized baldness around the vertex and on the top of the head The technique includes two surgical sessions: The presence of a tuft of hair, more or less thick in the 1. Scalp reduction and positioning of the extensor frontal region, is useful because it hides the frontal part of 2. Removal of the extender and completion of the three flaps the median scar (see below). If, instead, the forehead is completely bald, one or more subsequent autograft sessions are recommended, with the reconstruction of a new frontal line: in this case, 3. In the presence of extensive baldness, involving the fore- The aim is to remove as much baldness as possible by using the head and the vertex [1], a program should be planned with natural elasticity of the scalp, by correctly inserting the extender the patient, ideally including: and suturing the surgery breach without producing tension. On switching concepts from increased volume to disten- For an optimal timing in these cases, we recommend sion, the extender has several advantages over the expander: performing first one or more scalp reductions with the extender, then one or more autografting sessions. However, • Better management of the patient, who does not need to this choice is not compulsory, because in our practice we return to the surgeon’s office to recharge the device have also operated on patients with one or more previous • The extender does not deform the scalp, nor is it visible, autograft sessions.

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The first stitch is placed 1 cm lax the muscle allergy medicine for kids benadryl 25 mg, the greater the distance between the two entry points of from the medial platysma border; this distance is increased progres- the needle allergy shots worth the trouble buy cheap benadryl 25 mg. This distance is usually less in the area of the sternal notch sively to reach a maximum at the level of the hyoid bone allergy medicine alternatives order 25mg benadryl with mastercard. A good quan- and increases as we reach the level of the hyoid bone after which it tity of tissue should be incorporated in each bite to minimise the risk of reduces progressively up to the mental symphysis where it is solidly tearing the muscular fibres. On completion of the sutures some irregularities may be visible on stop the suture at approx. We old patient with considerable quantities of skin excess in the anterior and consider corsetplasty as a very useful manoeuvre in many cases but we lateral neck, chin-subhyoid platysmal bands and loss of cervico- have to remember that it is based on a lateral to medial traction. After the corsetplasty, there is a marked improvement technique to be effective in remodelling the lateral contour of the man- in the neck. To include this structure, we have to penetrate to a as the muscle in this area is already sufficiently mobile for depth of approximately 1 cm in patients with an average this kind of traction. On the other hand, when we apply quantity of fat tissue; this depth can be varied according to vertical suspension then the muscle has to be mobilised the thickness of the preauricular tissue. In a patient with sig- extensively to optimise the movement of tissue volumes nificant adipose tissue, we will undoubtedly have to pene- from the inframandibular to a more cranial position. An 82-year-old patient with considerable skin excess, long traction of the muscle. This technique is particularly suited in cases of platysma bands, loss of mandibular angle and irregularities in the man- significant muscle and skin excess and mandibular-clavicular bands; it dibular contour. Obviously, in a thin face, the suture will be placed more quately mobilised the platysma, we place a suture on Lorè’s fascia. There is depth of the bite can vary according to the quantity of adipose tissue pres- little risk of lesion to the facial nerve if the suture is not placed too deep Fig. The suture should not only include fat but also effect of the sutures some of the muscular tissue. Given that the facial nerve is found at a depth greater a solid anchorage point without placing the sutures too an than 2 cm in a thin face and at a depth of even 3 cm in a fat excessive depth (Figs. After performing a certain number of operations, we decided After tying the sutures, excess tissue (muscle-adipose- to proceed without dissecting the fascia as this same manoeu- aponeurotic) in the infraauricular region creates a bulge in vre could, in some way, damage or weaken this structure. If a certain quantity of excess not search for this structure but just ensure to fix the suture to a dipose tissue is still visible despite this manoeuvre, then 946 M. A second suture similar to the pre- bulge in the infraauricular area and to reinforce the overall stability of vious is added to ensure greater stability to this anchorage. The lower the fixation part of the flap is sutured to the mastoid fascia to avoid any unpleasant this can be “thinned” by diathermic cautery or excised by When the mastoid area is used for anchorage many scissors, paying attention not to cut the previously placed patients report painful sensation for a few weeks; oppositely, sutures. We can add a third central area of suspension which can parameters are not met then we can frequently witness a pre- also play an important role in the definition of the neck and cocious recurrence of the laxity in the cervical area. The presence of any irregular- is the reason why if we want to pull the platysma in a vertical ity in the contour could jeopardise the final results, especially vector in the anterior facial area we have to apply this trac- in thin-skinned patients. Surgical Treatment of Ageing in the Neck 947 We believe that the action of the platysma is not limited to The deep fat reaches its maximum thickness at the mid- the neck only but is also present in the face. Its continual line and thins out as it extends laterally to cover the subman- contraction creates a downward pull on the tissue in the sub- dibular gland. This, together with the effect of gravity and the Obviously, there are differences both in volume and dis- other factors involved in the ageing process, tends to dislo- tribution between thin and fat faces. In fat faces, the deep cate the tissue of the lower third of the face in a caudal direc- adipose tissue can extend beyond the lateral borders of the tion. This phenomenon is usually counteracted by applying platysma, whereas usually in thin faces the fat extends plication or imbrication techniques or in specific cases, by laterally no further than 2 cm from the midline. A good solution to the anterior bellies of the digastric muscles and is also called interrupt this continuity and obviate the downward pull of the “intradigastric fat”.

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