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His second objection is that a causal explanation of a substance’s having a certain power is in many cases not possible diabetes mellitus type 2 en espanol cheap glycomet 500mg with visa. As for the words ‘many of the things that are’ blood glucose 106 cheap glycomet 500mg visa, poll tän Àntwn metabolic disease in children cheap glycomet 500 mg, it seems that we have to think not only of things or separate entities (e. It is not clear from the text whether by ‘starting-points’ Diocles means fundamental physical states of affairs or logical postulates that should be accepted as valid without further demonstration, comparable to the logical postulates discussed by Aristotle in Metaphysics ,19 but perhaps this is not relevant to the point he wants to make: ‘honey is laxative’ (to mention just an imaginary example) is similar to a postulate like ‘a statement p and its negation not-p cannot both be true at the same time under the same conditions’ in that it does not admit of demonstration. Whereas a real principle like a logical postulate is undemonstrable without qualification (pläv, one is tempted to say), foodstuffs and their effects are so only ‘in some way’ (tr»pon tin). These are usually translated in an Aristotelian-like way by ‘naturally’, ‘by nature’, or ‘normally’, suggesting as Diocles’ intention that it is in the 18 Cf. Diocles of Carystus on the method of dietetics 83 nature of things that many things look like, or are taken as, principles. Yet if we connect the use of the word phusis here with that in section 7 above, a more comprehensible view emerges: phusis again refers to the nature of the substance in question, for example the foodstuff, and kat fÅsin means ‘according to their nature’, ‘in virtue of their nature’. In section 7 the ‘whole nature’ was said to be the cause of the effect the foodstuff normally produces; thus it is relatively easy to understand the statement that in virtue of their nature these foodstuffs and their producing such-and-such an effect are like principles. For the purpose of clarity, let me paraphrase what I think Diocles’ line of thought in this whole fragment amounts to . A foodstuff has its effect due not to one of its particular qualities but to its nature as a whole; as soon as we descend to a level that is lower (e. To be sure, we might be able to explain why honey is sweet (which is, after 21 Jaeger: ‘von Natur’; Torraca: ‘secondo natura’. Kullmann takes kat fÅsin as belonging to rca±v: ‘Viele Gegebenheiten gleichen in gewisser Weise bestimmten naturgemaßen Prinzipien, so daß sie¨ keine Darlegung uber die Ursache zulassen’ (¨ 1974, 351) and he comments on p. Smith’stranslation(‘manythingsareinsomefashionlikefirstprinciplesinnature’) is not explicit on this point, like Frede’s paraphrase: ‘He also maintained that we should treat many facts of nature as primitive, rather than try to explain them in terms of some questionable theory which would serve no further purpose’ (‘Introduction’, 1985, xxii). Bertier’s paraphrase goes too far beyond what is in the text: ‘Apport insignifiant des theories explicatives, dans la mesure ou les realites´ ` ´ ´ contiennent en elles-memes le reflet de leurs principes, et oulˆ ` atheorie n’est qu’une repetition de´ ´ ´ la description du fait’ (1972, 32). Gottschalk (private correspondence) understands the whole sentence as follows: ‘(a) archai, because they are archai, cannot be explained or demonstrated, and (b) any train of reasoning, even if it does not start from the most universal and ultimate archai, must start from something accepted as true for the purpose of that argument, a quasi-arche not subjected to further analysis or demonstration’, and he takes the words kat fÅsin as expressing that ‘Our using such propositions [e. Peck in his 1928 Cambridge PhD thesis ‘Pseudo-Hippocrates Philosophus; or the development of philosophical and other theories as illustrated by the Hippocratic writings, with special reference to De victu and De prisca medicina’, pp. On the level of its nature and with regard to the effect it produces, a foodstuff ‘resembles’ (oike) a genuine undemonstrable starting- point – although it is not a starting-point in the absolute sense: the words ‘in some way’ serve the purpose of qualifying the resemblance that exists between a genuine starting-point and a foodstuff which, from a certain point of view, behaves like a starting-point. To say it with some exaggeration (which goes beyond what is in the text): there is a causal ‘gap’ between the nature of a foodstuff as being causally responsible for certain dietetic effects on the one hand, and the nature of the foodstuff as being the result of a certain sum of elements or qualities. Since no subject of ‘make mistakes’ (diamartnousin) is specified, it seems that he is still referring to the same group as in section 8 (but see below). These people, he says, miss the truth (note the similarity to the wording at the end of section 7), because their explanations are ill-founded. The third objection of ‘implausibility’ introduces the notion of persuasiveness of the doctor’s statements – an element which is also reflected in section 11 in the words ‘more reliable’ (pist»teron) and which is familiar from the Hippocratic writings. It is important to note the use of ‘rather’ (mllon), and to see to what exactly the habit of putting more trust in the results of long-term experience is said to be preferable: the ill-founded and undue 22 Cf. Diocles of Carystus on the method of dietetics 85 causal explanations of the groups mentioned in the above.
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